A. C Language
1. HistoryThe C language is an outgrowth of the BCPL language developed by Martin Richards in 1967. Furthermore, this language gives the idea to Ken Thompson, who later developed a language called B languages in 1970. Further developmentof language B is a C language created by Dennis Ricthie & W. Kerninghan 1972 at Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc.. (Now is the AT & T Bell Laboratories).
2. C language application
The C language was first used in Computer Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-11 that uses the UNIX operating system. C language is also used to compile the Linux operating.Many popular programming languages like PHP and Java using the basic syntax similar to C language.
3. Advantages and Disadvantages of C Language
Excess C Language:
- C language is available in almost all types of computers
- Its C language code is portable and flexible for all types of computers.
- The C language provides only a few key words, there are only 32 keywords.
- C language program executable process faster.
- Support of many libraries.
- C is a structured language.
- The C language includes intermediate-level language.
Shortage of C Language:
- The number of operators as well as the flexibility of writing programs is sometimes confusing users.
- For beginners in general will have difficulty using a pointer.
B. Java language
1. History
Java was released in 1990 as a programming language called Oak, then Sun MycroSystem establish a working group comprised of a reliable programmer to create products and expanding Sun's market. Oak was first designed for personal digital assistance called * 7 which will be marketed by Sun Graphical User Interface facilities.Apparently * 7 was never marketed and coincidentally Sun formed a company called FirstPerson to develop * 7 in the form of TV set-top boxes for interactive television. Because competition is so tight end prospect of interactive TV Oak decline and ultimately not sold on the market. However, FirstPerson and Oak have failed. popping of the Internet pioneers, especially the World Wide Web such as Netscape makes software that allows the connection between the Internet with www. Sun finally realized that Oak has a great chance to create an access to the web world. Not lamam then Oak was launched on the Internet with a new name that is, Java.Now, Java is still in early stages of development and has influenced the direction of computer and internet programming. Java programming language was released for free on the Internet and give full license to Sun's Java implementation, and all its components for use in a variety of software vendors with the hope that the Internet can create a standard web programming.
2. Java Language Applications
- Network programming
- Manufacture of a windows based application
- Program to create a web
3. Advantages and DisadvantagesAdvantages of Java Language:
- Simple and powerful, providing the means to create a java program (applet) that runs on a web browser. Programmers can use a small applet that is safe, dynamic, cross-platform, active and ready to run on the network.
- Safe, Java was designed with the concept of internet security.
- Object oriented, java is not lowered any programming language. Java has a balance that provides a mechanism-class lawyer's simple dynamic model with an intuitive interface only when needed.
- Sturdy, java programmers by providing a key limit to progamer can find errors more quickly when developing programs.
- Interactive, java program designed to create an interactive network.
- Neutral on various architectures, java capable of running in any platform such as PC, UNIX, Macintosh, etc..
- Terinterpretasi and high-performance, cross-platform java complete miracle with amazing compilation into a direct representation of the so-called java byte code that can be translated by any system that has java and java virtual machine interpreter.
- Easy to learn because it is simple.
- Supports connection to the database.
Disadvantages Java language:
- Java has a speed of less than C + + language.
- j2ME implementation is not global. For example, with Motorola J2ME to J2ME for Sony Ericson is not the same. Unlike the more J2ME for Nokia. Each product has always had its own modules and their application should be considered strange to be compiled with different modules.
- Java takes a lot of computer memory.
- Java is a complex and difficult language to learn.
- Program created by this language is slower than the program created with other languages like C or C + +.
1. History
Pascal was first made by prof. Niklaus Wirth, a member of the International Federation of Information Processing (IFIP) in 1971. pascal derived from the name of the mathematician Blaise Pascal. Pascal is used to introduce structured programming.
2. Application Language Pascal
Pascal is used as the basis for code generation Delphi software (windows based).Pascal is used as the basis for code generation software Kylix (Linux based).
3. Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages of the Pascal language:
- Standard data types, data types are already available standard programming languages. Pascal has a standard data type Boolean, integer, char, real, string.
- User defined data types, the programmer can create other data types derived from standard data types.
- Strongly-typed, the programmer must specify the data type of a variable and a variable can not be used to store data types in addition to the specified format.
- Structured, has a syntax that allows the writing of the program is broken down into smaller functions (Procedure and function) that can be used repeatedly.
- Simple and expressive, has a simple structure and very close to human language (english) so easy to learn and understand.
Disadvantages Pascal language:
- Early versions of Pascal is less suitable for business applications because of the limited database support.
- Pascal syntax is too long-winded.
- Does not support object-oriented programming.
- Pascal is not flexible and required a lot of flaws to make large applications.
1. History
PHP is a web programming language or scripting language designed for the web. PHP was first created by Rasmus Lerdford to count the number of visitors on the homepage by the end of 1994. PHP continues to grow from a PHP Rasmus re-written in C language in 1995 to PHP 4 that launched on May 22, 2000.2. Applications Languages PHP
- PHP is used as the basis for operation on a web-based network programming.
- PHP is also used for database programming.
- PHP is used to create web applications.
3. Advantages and DisadvantagesPros:
- PHP became popular because of its simplicity and ability to produce a variety of web applications such as counters, system articles / CMS, e-commerce, bulletin boards, etc..
- PHP is a server-side language designed specifically for web applications.
- PHP is included in the Open Source Product and has reached version 4.
- PHP applications fast enough compared to CGI applications with Perl or Python even faster compared with the ASP and Java in a variety of web applications.
- Available both in Windows and Linux, although currently the most effective in the Apache Web server and Linux OS.
- Syntax similar to C and easy to learn.
- Zibrant communities and help each other, as in diskusiweb.com, phpbuilder.com, phpindo.com, etc..
- Various scripts or free applications already available.
- No detail for large-scale development.
- Do not have an object-oriented programming system really is.
- Can not separate between the logic display properly.
- PHP has a specific security weaknesses if the programmer is not keen in doing programming and less attention to the issue of the PHP configuration.
- PHP code can be read by all people, and compilation can only be done with expensive tools from Zend.
1. History
Ruby is a scripting programming language is object oriented. The purpose of the ruby is to combine the advantages of all programming scripting languages that exist in the world. Ruby written in C with basic skills such as Perl and Python.Ruby was first made by a Japanese programmer named Yukihiro Matsumoto. Writing Ruby began in February 1993 and in December 1994 released an alpha version of ruby. In the early development of Ruby, Yukihiro meulis Ruby itself up in 1996 formed the Ruby community that many mengkotribusikan Ruby.
2. Applications with Ruby
- The implementation of the Ruby on JRuby and Rubinius.
- Ruby can be applied to technology Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX).
- Ruby on Rails to create a web framework.
3. Advantages and DisadvantagesPros:
- The syntax is simple.
- Have a good Exception Handling.
- OOP.
- Single inheritance.
- Powered by Linux OS, Windows, MacOS X, OS / 2, BeOS, and Unix.
- Programming language is object-oriented scripting.
- Have a garbage collector that automatically removes unwanted information from memory.
- Multithreading. Implementation is still a thread at ruby green threads, not a native thread. This makes the application GUI (desktop) with a background thread can not be implemented in ruby.
- Virtual Memory, still fully interpreted ruby ruby so the program tends to be slower.
- Spek. current ruby specification (syntax, behavior, etc.) is the original implementation of the Matz ruby.
- IDE. Currently the quality IDE for ruby yet far. Net and java. But with ruby IDE bermunculnya made with java.net, conditions are somewhat changed. But because ruby is a very dynamic language, it is difficult to get complete information about the structure of a ruby program statically.
1. History
Prologue (programmation en logique) is a logic programming language or non-procedural language. This language was created by Alain Colmerauer and Robert Kowalski about the year 1972 in an effort to create a programming language for artificial intelligence applications. This language became popular since Japan announced in 1981 that the Japanese would use it as a base computer "fifth generation".
2. Application of Prolog language
- Artificial Intellegence programming language and robots.
- Fifth-generation computer programming language.
- PROLOG is widely used in the manufacture of natural language applications, writing a compiler, the addition of science in expert systems and prototypes (prototype) software.
- Great for writing expert systems and knowledge based systems.
In contrast to other programming languages, which use algorithms konvensionl as search techniques such as Delphi, Pascal, Basic, COBOL programming language and the like, then Prolog uses a technique called heuristic search (heutistic) by using a logic tree.
Perform complex computation on complex data.
Express the algorithm as well.
Allocating memory dynamically so that the programmer does not have to declare the size of a data structure before him.
Develop and modify themselves so that a program can "learn" through information obtained during the program starts
PROLOG has Automated Reasoning Procedure (Procedure Automatic Cause and Effect) called Inference Engine (Inference = conclusion-making process) that has a built-in therein. As a result, programs that use the logic of causation so much easier written in PROLOG.
Disadvantages:
Waste in the allocation of memory so the program runs to slow
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